|
The American yellow warbler (''Setophaga petechia'', formerly ''Dendroica petechia'') is a New World warbler species. ''Sensu lato'', they make up the most widespread species in the diverse ''Setophaga'' genus, breeding in almost the whole of North America and down to northern South America. ==Description and taxonomy== Other than in male breeding plumage and body size, all subspecies are very similar. Winter, female and immature birds all have similarly greenish-yellow uppersides and are a duller yellow below. Young males soon acquire breast and, where appropriate, head coloration. Females are somewhat duller, most notably on the head. In all, the remiges and rectrices are blackish olive with yellow edges, sometimes appearing as an indistinct wing-band on the former. The eyes and the short thin beak are dark, while the feet are lighter or darker olive-buff.〔Bachynski & Kadlec (2003)〕〔Curson ''et al.'' (1994)〕 The 35 subspecies of ''D. petechia sensu lato'' can be divided into three main groups according to the males' head color in the breeding season.〔 Each of these groups is sometimes considered a separate species, or the ''aestiva'' group (yellow warbler) is considered a species different from ''D. petechia'' (mangrove warbler, including golden warbler); the latter option is the one currently accepted by the International Ornithological Congress ''World Bird List''.〔IOC World Bird List (Family Parulidae )〕 Depending on subspecies, the American yellow warbler may be between long, with a wingspan from . They weigh , varying between subspecies and whether on migration or not, globally averaging about but only in most breeding adults of the United States populations. Among standard measurements throughout the subspecies, the wing chord is , the tail is , the bill is and the tarsus is .〔 The summer males of this species are generally the yellowest "warblers" wherever they occur. They are brilliant yellow below and greenish-golden above. There are usually a few wide, somewhat washed-out rusty-red streaks on the breast and flanks. These markings are scientific namesake of the species since ''petechia'' roughly translates to "liver spotted", of which the reddish markings of the male were apparently reminiscent of for ornithologists.〔Yezerinac, S. M., & Weatherhead, P. J. (1997). ''Extra–pair mating, male plumage coloration and sexual selection in yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia)''. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 264(1381), 527-532.〕 The various subspecies in this group mostly in brightness and size as per Bergmann's and Gloger's Rule.〔Bachynski & Kadlec (2003), AnAge (2009)〕 The golden warbler (''petechia'' group; 17 subspecies〔) is generally resident in the mangrove swamps of the West Indies. Local seasonal migrations may occur. On the Cayman Islands for example, ''D. p. eoa'' was found to be "decidedly scarce" on Grand Cayman and apparently absent from Cayman Brac in November 1979, while it had been a "very common" breeder in the group some 10 years before, and not frequently seen in the winters of 1972/1973; apparently, the birds disperse elsewhere outside the breeding season. The Cuban golden warbler (''D. p. gundlachi'') barely reaches the Florida Keys where it was first noted in 1941, and by the mid-20th century a breeding population was resident.〔Cunningham (1966)〕 Though individual birds may stray farther north, their distribution is restricted by the absence of mangrove habitat. They are generally smallish, usually weighing about or less and sometimes〔Olson ''et al.'' (1981)〕 as little as . The summer males differs from those of the yellow warbler in that they have a rufous crown, hood or mask. The races in this group vary in the extent and hue of the head patch. The mangrove warbler (''erithachorides'' group; 12 subspecies〔) tends to be larger than other yellow warbler subspecies groups, averaging in length and in weight. It is resident in the mangrove swamps of coastal Middle America and northern South America; ''D. p. aureola'' is found on the oceanic Galápagos Islands.〔 The summer males differ from those of the yellow warbler in that they have a rufous hood or crown. The races in this group vary in the extent and hue of the hood, overlapping extensively with the golden warbler group in this character.〔 The American yellow warbler (''aestiva'' group; 6 subspecies〔 breeds in the whole of temperate North America as far south as central Mexico in open, often wet, woods or shrub. It is migratory, wintering in Central and South America. They are very rare vagrants to western Europe.〔 File:Resident adult male yellow or mangrove warbler.JPG|Resident adult male mangrove warbler in mangroves near Quepos, Costa Rica File:Dendroica petechia 2446949099.jpg|Breeding male golden warbler, Washington-Slagbaai National Park, Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles) File:Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia) -Santa Cruz -Puerto Ayorto c.jpg|Breeding male ''aureola'' mangrove warbler at Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz (Galápagos Islands) File:Yellow Warbler 20090628 6831 3675254124.jpg|Breeding female yellow warbler, Horicon Marsh, Wisconsin (USA) File:Yellow warbler.jpg|Yellow warbler in Ontario, Canada 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「American yellow warbler」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|